.purchase-link.with-pdf:before,.export-link--mendeley:before,.export-link--refworks:before,.external-article-link--pdf:before,.preview-section-overlay-message:before,.first-page-hover-text:before,.popup-modal-alert:before,.related-articles__download:before,.related-article__links:before,.show-more__link:before,.workspace-footnote-link:before,.workspace-affiliation:before,.workspace-correspondence:before,.workspace-email:before{content:''}.biography,.formula{overflow:hidden}.biography>:last-child,.formula>:last-child{overflow:hidden}.biography>:first-child{float:left}.formula>:first-child{float:right}.article-layout-container{background:#f1f1f1;display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.article-layout-container{display:block;width:100%}}.article-content{margin:0 auto;padding:15px 32px 0}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.article-content{max-width:50rem;padding:0 15px}}.article-column-left,.article-column-right,.article-column-middle{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}.article-column-left,.article-column-right{background:linear-gradient(to bottom, #fff 0, #f1f1f1 200px)}.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-middle,.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-right{padding-top:55px}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-middle,.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-right{padding-top:65px}}.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-left-outer-fixed-container{display:block;left:0;position:fixed;top:55px;width:100%}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-left-outer-fixed-container{display:none}}.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-left-outer-fixed-container .article-column-left-inner-fixed-offset{margin:0 auto;max-width:1306px}.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-left-landscape-tablet-visible .article-column-left-outer-fixed-container,.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-left-landscape-tablet-visible .article-column-left-inner-fixed-offset{pointer-events:none;z-index:100}.article-column-left-switch{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -64px -82px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:24px;width:24px;display:none;margin:1px 0 0 4px}@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1240px){.article-column-left-switch{display:block}}.article-column-left-outline-container{padding:15px 12px 0}.article-column-left-no-outline{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-radius:2px;padding:6px 15px}.article-outline-close{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -85px -108px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:7px;width:8px;cursor:pointer;display:none;position:absolute;right:3px;top:3px}@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1240px){.article-outline-close{display:block}}.article-column-left{pointer-events:auto;position:relative;width:20%}.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-left{display:block}@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1240px){.article-column-left{width:3%}.article-column-left .article-column-left-outline-container{background:linear-gradient(to bottom, #fff 0, #f1f1f1 200px);border-color:#d9d9d9;border-style:solid;border-width:1px 1px 0 1px;display:none;height:100%;left:31px;position:absolute;top:0;width:260px;z-index:100}.header-scrolled-offscreen .article-column-left .article-column-left-outline-container{top:-1px}.article-column-left-landscape-tablet-visible .article-column-left .article-column-left-outline-container{display:block}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.article-column-left{display:none}}.article-column-middle{background:#fff;border-color:#d9d9d9;border-style:solid;border-width:0 1px;max-width:679.12px;position:relative;width:52%}@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1240px){.article-column-middle{width:64%}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.article-column-middle{border:0;display:block;max-width:none;width:100%}}.article-column-right{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;position:relative;width:28%}@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1240px){.article-column-right{width:33%}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.article-column-right{height:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:0}}.article-column-right-container{margin:0 16px}.article-access{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;background-color:#f1f1f1;margin-bottom:9px;padding:15px}.article-access-header{font-size:inherit;margin:0 0 10px}.article-access-option{border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;display:table-cell;padding:0 10px;vertical-align:top}.article-access-option:first-child{border-left:0;padding-left:0}.article-access-option:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width: 512px){.article-access-option{border:0;display:block;padding:0}}.outward-links{list-style:none;margin:0 0 9px;padding:0}.article-access-option-check{width:33%}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.article-access-option-check{display:block;margin-bottom:9px;width:100%}}@media screen and (max-width: 512px){.article-access-option-check{display:block;margin-bottom:9px;width:100%}}.article-access-option-purchase{width:33%}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.article-access-option-purchase{border:0;margin-bottom:9px;padding-left:0;width:50%}}@media screen and (max-width: 512px){.article-access-option-purchase{display:block;margin-bottom:9px;width:100%}}.access-link{background:#1b87b5;border:1px solid #1b87b5;border-radius:3px;color:#fff;display:block;font-weight:bold;padding:3px 15px;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.access-link{display:table-cell;width:65%}}@media screen and (max-width: 512px){.access-link{display:block;width:100%}}.purchase-link{background:#619c2f;border:1px solid #598c20;border-radius:3px;color:#fff;display:block;font-weight:bold;padding:3px 15px;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap}.purchase-link.with-pdf:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -197px -56px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px}.purchase-link.with-pdf:before{margin-right:10px;vertical-align:text-bottom}.article-author-list{margin-bottom:9px}.article-author-list>.author-group>.author-list{margin:0 0 6px;max-height:7.5em;overflow:hidden}.article-author-list>.author-group>.author-list.has-collaboration{max-height:none;overflow:auto}.article-author-list .collaboration-visible .author-group{display:block}.author-correspondence:focus,.author-email:focus{outline:1px dotted #d9d9d9}.author-correspondence{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -54px -118px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px}.author-email{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -18px -118px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px}.affiliations{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;color:#666;list-style:none;margin-bottom:6px;padding:0}.affiliation{display:block;line-height:1.6em}.affiliation--highlighted{background-color:#f1f1f1}.affiliation__label{margin-right:0.4em}.author{display:inline-block}.utility-button{border-color:#d9d9d9 #666 #666 #d9d9d9;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;display:inline-block}.article-utility-export{position:relative}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.article-utility-export{position:static}}.article-export{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;display:inline}.article-utility-button{border-radius:2.5px;line-height:20px}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.export-article-window-content{left:0;position:absolute;right:0;z-index:700}}.article-export-switch{cursor:pointer;padding:0 6px}.article-export-switch:hover{text-decoration:none}.article-export-switch:hover .article-export-label-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2216%22%20height%3D%2211%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2016%2011%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%234CC04F%22%20d%3D%22M11%209.983L16%205.5l-4.977-4.45v1.454l1.973%202.503H9.982V0H0v11h9.982V5.978h3.014L11%208.528v1.455zm-3.012-.97H1.995v-1H7.99v1zm0-2.02H1.995v-1H7.99v1zm0-2.002H1.995v-1H7.99v1zm0-1.986H2.98V1.987h5.008v1.017z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.no-svg .article-export-switch:hover .article-export-label-icon{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-202px -118px}.article-export-switch:hover .article-export-switch-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%228%22%20height%3D%228%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%232D5327%22%20d%3D%22M0%201l4%204.964L8%201H0z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%2300F948%22%20d%3D%22M1.874%201.828L4%204.492l2.125-2.664h-4.25z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.no-svg .article-export-switch:hover .article-export-switch-icon{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-269px -56px}.article-export-switch:focus{text-decoration:none}.article-export-label{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;margin:0 4px}.article-export-switch-label{margin:0 4px 0 2px}.article-export-switch-icon{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%228%22%20height%3D%228%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%232D5327%22%20d%3D%22M0%201l4%204.964L8%201H0z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%236C9D31%22%20d%3D%22M1.874%201.828L4%204.492l2.125-2.664h-4.25z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") no-repeat top left;display:inline-block;height:8px;width:8px;background-size:cover;display:inline-block}.no-svg .article-export-switch-icon{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-35px -108px}.article-export-label-icon{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2216%22%20height%3D%2211%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2016%2011%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%236C9D30%22%20d%3D%22M11%209.983L16%205.5l-4.977-4.45v1.454l1.973%202.503H9.982V0H0v11h9.982V5.978h3.014L11%208.528v1.455zm-3.012-.97H1.995v-1H7.99v1zm0-2.02H1.995v-1H7.99v1zm0-2.002H1.995v-1H7.99v1zm0-1.986H2.98V1.987h5.008v1.017z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") no-repeat top left;display:inline-block;height:11px;width:16px;background-size:cover;margin-bottom:2px;vertical-align:middle}.no-svg .article-export-label-icon{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-220px -118px}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.article-export-label-icon{display:none}}.export-article-window{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:2px 2px 3px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);display:none;margin-right:3px;padding:15px 15px 5px 30px;position:absolute;text-align:left;top:100%;width:350px;z-index:700}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.export-article-window{padding:15px 30px}}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.export-article-window{margin:0 auto;max-width:90%;position:static;width:300px}}.export-selected-text{color:#666;float:left;font-weight:bold;margin:0}.export-text{overflow:hidden}.export-link-help{float:right}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.export-link-help{display:none}}.export-heading{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;color:#666;margin:20px 0 10px}.export-subheading{color:#666;margin:0 0 9px}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.export-form{display:none}}.export-row{margin:0 0 5px}.export-row-direct{margin:0 0 5px;overflow:hidden}.export-link{font-weight:bold;min-width:45%;padding:4px}.export-link:hover{text-decoration:none}.export-link:before{margin-right:5px;vertical-align:middle}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.export-link{display:block;margin-bottom:5px}}.export-link--mendeley:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20height%3D%2216%22%20width%3D%2216%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2016%2016%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23FFF%22%20d%3D%22M.5%204h15v8H.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M2%200C.892%200%200%20.892%200%202v12c0%201.108.892%202%202%202h12c1.108%200%202-.892%202-2V2c0-1.108-.892-2-2-2zm3.17%204.17c.286.007.59.08.876.22.35.173.395.273%201.093%201.03.464.51.878.66%201.28.468.174-.058.648-.592.968-1%20.087-.116.31-.276.468-.375.99-.64%202.405-.23%202.906.875.163.35.21%201.092.093%201.5-.11.35-.193%201.11-.156%201.406.04.343.2.633.405.75.128.058.322.13.625.156.372.034.532.05.718.156.532.35.742%201.172.468%201.812-.104.21-.405.522-.656.656-.29.15-.876.15-1.156%200-.637-.35-.873-1.06-.593-1.875.21-.64.178-.932-.217-1.282-.582-.49-1.68-.602-2.437-.218-.605.29-.76.765-.468%201.406.35.756.07%201.525-.687%201.875-.29.14-.997.146-1.31%200-.52-.23-.778-.64-.813-1.186-.023-.32.014-.408.125-.687.18-.436.192-.613.093-.875-.407-1.117-2.998-.98-3.312.125-.07.28-.083.33.062.75.29.873.042%201.574-.656%201.906-.466.232-1.03.132-1.438-.28-.35-.35-.485-.87-.375-1.407.116-.5.66-.905%201.218-.906.582%200%20.946-.237%201.062-.656.08-.29.04-1.015-.093-1.562-.29-1.164.068-2.114%201-2.562.29-.15.62-.225.906-.218zm2.907%202.22c-.75%200-1.343.625-1.343%201.374s.594%201.343%201.343%201.343c.75%200%201.343-.594%201.343-1.343%200-.748-.594-1.375-1.343-1.375z%22%20fill%3D%22%23a91b26%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") no-repeat top left;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px;background-size:cover}.no-svg .export-link--mendeley:before{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-90px -118px}.export-link--refworks:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -251px -56px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px}.export-open .export-article-window{display:block}.export-open .article-export-switch-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%228%22%20height%3D%228%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%232D5327%22%20d%3D%22M8%205.965L4%201%200%205.965h8z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%236C9D31%22%20d%3D%22M6.125%205.137L4%202.473%201.874%205.137h4.25z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.no-svg .export-open .article-export-switch-icon{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-75px -108px}.export-open:hover .article-export-switch-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%228%22%20height%3D%228%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%232D5327%22%20d%3D%22M8%205.964L4%201%200%205.964h8z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%2300F948%22%20d%3D%22M6.125%205.136L4%202.472%201.874%205.136h4.25z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.no-svg .export-open:hover .article-export-switch-icon{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-65px -108px}.single-line{max-width:100%;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;display:block}.single-line--75{max-width:75%;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom}.refers-to,.referred-to-by{overflow:hidden}.refers-to-article{margin-bottom:12px}.refers-to-heading{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;float:left;margin:0;width:100px}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.refers-to-heading{float:none;width:100%}}.external-article__authors{font-size:0.85714em;line-height:1.66667;margin:0}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.external-article__authors{font-size:0.85714em}}.list--related-articles .external-article__authors{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;line-height:16px}.external-article__title{font-weight:bold;margin:0}.list--related-articles .external-article__title{font-weight:normal;line-height:18px}.external-article__meta{font-size:0.78571em;line-height:1.81818;color:#666;margin:0}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.external-article__meta{font-size:0.78571em}}.list--related-articles .external-article__meta{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;color:#2b2b2b;line-height:16px}.external-article__meta--italic{font-style:italic}.external-article__links{font-size:0.85714em;line-height:1.66667;margin:0}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.external-article__links{font-size:0.85714em}}.external-article-link--pdf:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -197px -56px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px}.external-article__collapsed{padding-top:12px}.et-al{font-style:italic}.reference-list{list-style:none;margin:10px 0 0;overflow:hidden;padding:0}.reference-item{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;margin-bottom:24px}.reference-item-title{display:block;float:left;margin:0;padding:0}.reference-item-container{line-height:20px;line-height:1.25rem;display:block;margin-left:36px;word-wrap:break-word}.reference-item-container p{line-height:20px;line-height:1.25rem;margin:0}.reference-item-container a{word-wrap:break-word}.reference-list-item{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;margin-bottom:16px}.reference-list-item:last-child{margin:0}.reference-item-more{margin-left:10px}.reference-title{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;font-weight:bold;margin:0;text-align:justify;word-spacing:-0.15ex}.reference-title a{max-width:100%;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;color:#316c9d;display:inline-block;height:1rem;line-height:1rem}.reference-journal{max-width:75%;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom}.reference-content{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;color:#666;line-height:20px;margin:0}p.reference-host{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;margin-bottom:10px}.external-articles-mobile{display:none}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.external-articles-mobile{display:block}}.external-articles-mobile__container{background:#f1f1f1;margin:20px -8px;padding:8px}.external-articles-mobile__link{display:inline;margin-right:20px}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.external-articles-mobile__link{display:block;margin-right:0}}.external-article-link__abstract{margin-right:9px;padding-right:7px}.external-article-link__abstract .article-content-separator{display:none}.external-article-link__abstract .section-heading{color:#2b2b2b;margin:5px 0 0}.first-page-preview-link-pre{display:none}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.first-page-preview-link-pre{display:block}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.first-page-preview-link-post{display:none}}.preview-section-overlay-message{bottom:0;position:absolute;top:0}.preview-section-overlay-message:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -116px -82px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:24px;width:24px}.first-page-preview-image{position:relative}.first-page-preview-imagelink{border:1px solid #d9d9d9;display:block;position:relative}.first-page-preview-imagelink:hover .first-page-hover-modal{display:block}.first-page-image{border:0;height:auto;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:auto}.first-page-hover-modal{background:rgba(255,255,255,0.8);display:none;font-weight:bold;height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.first-page-hover-text{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;bottom:0;height:16px;left:0;margin:auto;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:224px}.first-page-hover-text:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -116px -82px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:24px;width:24px}.first-page-hover-text:before{vertical-align:middle}.elsevier-logo{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") 0px 0px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:80px;width:73px}.journal-banner{background:#fcfcfc;border-color:#d9d9d9;border-style:solid;border-width:1px 0;display:table;margin-bottom:20px;text-align:center;width:100%}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.journal-banner{margin-top:0}}.journal-banner--image{background:transparent}.journal-banner--image .journal-title-container{padding:9px 0;text-align:left}.journal-banner--image .journal-title-container p{margin:0}.journal-banner--image .journal-volume,.journal-banner--image .journal-special-issue{margin-bottom:4.5px}.journal-brand,.journal-title-container,.journal-cover{display:table-cell}.journal-brand,.journal-cover{background:#fff;padding:9px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}.journal-brand img,.journal-cover img{max-height:80px}@media screen and (max-width: 512px){.journal-brand,.journal-cover{display:none}}.article-journal{padding:0 9px;vertical-align:top;width:100%}.journal-title{font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;margin:9px 0}.journal-title a{color:#2b2b2b}.journal-volume,.journal-special-issue{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:9px}.journal-open-access-archive span{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;color:#f93;white-space:nowrap}.publication-cover-image{border:1px solid #d9d9d9;display:block;margin:0 auto;outline:1px dotted transparent}.publication-cover-image.publication-cover-image-generic{border:0 none}.journal-cover-image a:focus .publication-cover-image{outline-color:#d9d9d9}.page-utility-container{background:#fff;width:100%}.header-scrolled-offscreen .page-utility-container{left:0;position:fixed;top:0;z-index:300}.header-scrolled-offscreen .page-utility-container .page-utility-inner-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1306px}.pdf-link{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;cursor:pointer;font-weight:bold}.pdf-link:hover .order-docu-link-icon{background-position:-246px -82px;height:16px;width:16px;vertical-align:middle}.pdf-link-icon{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") 0px -82px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:34px;width:33px;vertical-align:middle}.order-docu-link-icon{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") 0px -118px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px;vertical-align:middle}.article-utility-section{display:inline-block;margin-right:9px}.article-utility-section:last-child{margin-right:0}.article-utility-pdf{margin-top:0;padding-left:20%}@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1240px){.article-utility-pdf{padding-left:3%}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.article-utility-pdf{padding-left:0}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.article-utility-search{display:none}}.article-utility-panel{height:55px;padding:10px 0;position:relative}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.article-utility-panel{margin-left:0;text-align:center;width:100%}}.article-utility-panel input[type=text]{border-radius:3px}.article-utility-panel input:placeholder{color:#666}.article-utility-panel .advanced-search-link{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem}@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px){.article-utility-panel .advanced-search-link{vertical-align:middle}}.page-utility-inner-container:before{background-color:#d9d9d9;content:'';display:block;height:1px;margin-left:20%;position:relative;top:45px;width:52%;z-index:100}@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1240px){.page-utility-inner-container:before{margin-left:3%;width:64%}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.page-utility-inner-container:before{display:none}}.xml-links-container{left:0;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:16px;white-space:nowrap;width:20%;z-index:100}.xml-links-container a{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.xml-links-container{display:none}}@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1240px){.xml-links-container{clear:both;margin-left:8px;position:static;width:auto}}.article-keywords{margin-bottom:20px}.mobile-modal,.popup-modal{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.3);bottom:0;display:none;left:0;padding:0 16px;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;z-index:5000}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.mobile-modal,.popup-modal{display:block}}.mobile-modal-frame,.popup-modal-frame{background:#fff;margin:0 auto;max-width:640px;padding:32px 16px 16px;position:relative}.mobile-modal-content,.popup-modal-content{max-height:368px;overflow-y:auto}.mobile-modal-close{padding:8px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.mobile-modal-close-icon{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20height%3D%2224%22%20width%3D%2224%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%2330809d%22%20d%3D%22M6%203.5l-2%202%206%206-6%206%202%202%206-6%206%206%202-2-6-6%206-6-2-2-6%206z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") no-repeat top left;display:inline-block;height:12px;width:12px;background-size:12px 12px}.no-svg .mobile-modal-close-icon{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-90px -82px;height:24px;width:24px}.popup-modal{display:block}.popup-modal-frame{margin-top:100px;padding:0}.popup-modal-header{background:#6c9d30;color:#fff;padding:7px 16px}.popup-modal-title{position:relative;top:3px}.popup-modal-content,.popup-modal-footer{padding:10px 16px}.popup-modal-logo{float:right;margin-right:29px}@media screen and (max-width: 512px){.popup-modal-logo{display:none}}.popup-modal-alert{display:block;float:left;margin:1px 9px 0 0}.popup-modal-alert:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20height%3D%2224%22%20width%3D%2224%22%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3ClinearGradient%20id%3D%22a%22%20y2%3D%2216%22%20gradientUnits%3D%22userSpaceOnUse%22%20x2%3D%220%22%3E%3Cstop%20stop-color%3D%22%23ff0%22%20offset%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3Cstop%20stop-color%3D%22%23f80%22%20offset%3D%221%22%2F%3E%3C%2FlinearGradient%3E%3C%2Fdefs%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22url(%23a)%22%20d%3D%22M11.84%204.63c-.77.05-1.42.6-1.74%201.27-1.95%203.38-3.9%206.75-5.85%2010.13-.48.83-.24%201.99.53%202.56.7.6%201.66.36%202.5.41%203.63%200%207.27.01%2010.9-.01%201.13-.07%202.04-1.28%201.76-2.39-.1-.58-.56-1.02-.81-1.55-1.85-3.21-3.69-6.43-5.55-9.64-.42-.52-1.06-.83-1.74-.79z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M11%208h2v5h-2zM11%2014h2v2h-2z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") no-repeat top left;display:inline-block;height:24px;width:24px;background-size:cover}.no-svg .popup-modal-alert:before{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-142px -82px}.popup-modal-img{display:block;float:left}.popup-modal-msg{display:block;float:left;margin:0;width:93%}.popup-modal-close,.homeAccClose{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20height%3D%2224%22%20width%3D%2224%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23FFF%22%20d%3D%22M24%2012c0%206.627-5.373%2012-12%2012S0%2018.627%200%2012%205.373%200%2012%200s12%205.373%2012%2012z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23808080%22%20d%3D%22M21%2012c0%204.97-4.03%209-9%209s-9-4.03-9-9%204.03-9%209-9%209%204.03%209%209z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23FFF%22%20d%3D%22M15.712%207.227L12%2010.94%208.288%207.226l-1.06%201.06L10.937%2012l-3.71%203.712%201.06%201.06L12%2013.063l3.712%203.71%201.06-1.06-3.71-3.71%203.71-3.714-1.06-1.06z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") no-repeat top left;display:inline-block;height:24px;width:24px;background-size:cover;padding:0;position:absolute;right:13px;top:5px}.no-svg .popup-modal-close,.no-svg .homeAccClose{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-168px -82px}.popup-modal-close-button,.homeAccCloseButton{float:right}.product-message-window{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;background:#fffed0;border:2px solid #fed7b0;margin-bottom:15px;padding:3px 15px;position:relative;text-align:center}.product-message-window-header{position:absolute;right:10px;top:2px}.product-message-window-close{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -85px -108px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:7px;width:8px;cursor:pointer;position:absolute}.related-articles__open-access{color:#f93}.related-articles__header{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;overflow:hidden;padding:8px 5px}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.related-articles__header{display:none}}.related-article__meta-container{margin-left:2px;margin-top:5px}.related-articles__content{padding:5px 15px}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.related-articles__content{padding:20px 0}}.related-articles__message{font-size:1.14286em;display:none;margin:0 0 9px}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.related-articles__message{font-size:1.14286em}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.related-articles__message{display:block}}.related-articles__current-article{color:#666}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.related-articles__current-article{display:none}}.related-articles__current{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;display:table;margin:0;table-layout:fixed;width:100%}.related-articles__heading{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;color:#666;font-weight:normal;margin:0 0 0 25px}.related-articles__footer{font-size:0.85714em;background:linear-gradient(to bottom, #fff 40%, #f1f1f1);border-top:1px solid #d9d9d9;padding:6px 20px;text-align:right}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.related-articles__footer{font-size:0.85714em}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.related-articles__footer{background:none;border:0;padding:0}}.related-articles__checkbox{margin-right:10px}.related-articles__download{font-size:14px;font-size:0.875rem;background:transparent;border:1px solid #c9c9c9;color:#316c9d;padding:6px}.related-articles__download:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -197px -56px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px}.related-articles__download:focus{border-color:#000}.related-articles__download:before{margin-right:5px;vertical-align:middle}.related-articles__arrow{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -238px -118px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:9px;width:17px;display:block;left:6px;position:relative;top:-1px}.related-article__checkbox,.related-article__type,.related-article__content{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}.related-article__checkbox{width:25px}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.related-article__checkbox{display:none}}.related-article__meta,.related-article__authors,.related-article__links,.related-article__label{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;margin:0}.related-article__label,.related-article__meta{color:#5c5c5c}.related-article__links:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -197px -56px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px}.related-article__title{font-size:14px;font-size:0.875rem;margin:0}.related-article__type--available{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20height%3D%2216%22%20width%3D%2216%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M0%200v16h16V0H0zm1%201h14v2H1V1zm0%203h14v2H1V4zm0%203h14v2H1V7zm0%203h14v2H1v-2zm0%203h14v2H1v-2z%22%20fill%3D%22%236C9D30%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") no-repeat top left;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px;background-size:cover}.no-svg .related-article__type--available{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-264px -82px}.related-article__type--open{color:#f93}.related-article{display:table;margin-bottom:20px;table-layout:fixed;width:100%}.article-title,.article-title-alt{font-size:19px;font-size:1.1875rem;color:#666;margin:0 0 9px}.article-title .mathText,.article-title .math-text,.article-title-alt .mathText,.article-title-alt .math-text{color:inherit}.article-title .mathText sup,.article-title .math-text sup,.article-title-alt .mathText sup,.article-title-alt .math-text sup{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem}.article-title sup,.article-title-alt sup{font-size:14px;font-size:0.875rem;font-weight:100}.article-dochead{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;color:#666}.article-dedication,.article-presented{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;color:#666;margin-bottom:9px}.article-copyright{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem}.article-history{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;margin-bottom:9px}.article-preprint{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;margin-bottom:9px}.article-crossmark{margin-bottom:9px}.article-doi-rights{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;display:table;margin-bottom:9px;width:100%}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.article-doi-rights{display:block}}.article-doi,.article-rights{display:table-cell}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.article-doi,.article-rights{display:block}}.article-doi{margin-bottom:0}.article-rights{text-align:right}@media screen and (max-width: 767px){.article-rights{margin-top:0;text-align:left}}.article-content-separator-container{position:relative}.article-content-open-access-archive{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;background-color:#fff;color:#f93;padding-left:10px;position:absolute;right:0;top:-12px}.article-content-separator{background:#d9d9d9;border:0;height:1px;margin:12px 0}.article-open-access{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem}.section-heading,.section-subheading{color:#666;font-weight:normal}.section-heading{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:9px}.section-subheading{font-size:inherit;margin:20px 0 6px}.abstract{text-align:justify;word-spacing:-0.15ex}.abstract>div,.abstract p{font-size:0.92857em;margin-bottom:9px}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.abstract>div,.abstract p{font-size:0.92857em}}.abstract a{letter-spacing:-0.4px}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.abstract{text-align:left}}.article-author-abstract{word-wrap:break-word}.abstract-type-editor-highlights,.abstract-type-author-highlights{background:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-radius:3px;padding:0 10px}.abstract-type-editor-highlights .abstract-heading,.abstract-type-author-highlights .abstract-heading{margin-top:0}.modal-container .abstract-type-author-highlights{margin:10px 5px}.article-footnotes{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem}.correspondence-icon{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -54px -118px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:16px;width:16px}.correspondence-information{margin-left:29px}.biography{margin-bottom:20px}.biography .inline-figure{height:114px;margin-right:15px;width:86px}.biography>div{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden;text-align:justify}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.biography>div{text-align:left}}.footnote-ref{transition:background-color 1s ease}.footnote-highlight{background-color:#d9d9d9}.view-more{display:block;margin-top:16px}.view-more:after{content:' »'}.show-more{margin-bottom:9px}.show-more__link{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;font-weight:bold}.show-more__link:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%229%22%20height%3D%229%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5%207H4V5H2V4h2V2h1v2h2v1H5z%22%20fill%3D%22%23707070%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20style%3D%22text-indent%3A0%3Btext-align%3Astart%3Bline-height%3Anormal%3Btext-transform%3Anone%3Bblock-progression%3Atb%3B-inkscape-font-specification%3ASans%22%20d%3D%22M0%200v9h9V0zm1%201h7v7H1z%22%20color%3D%22%23000%22%20fill%3D%22%23c9c9c9%22%20overflow%3D%22visible%22%20enable-background%3D%22accumulate%22%20font-family%3D%22Sans%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") no-repeat top left;display:inline-block;height:9px;width:9px;background-size:cover}.no-svg .show-more__link:before{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-269px -28px}.show-more--visible .show-more__link:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%229%22%20height%3D%229%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M2%205V4h5v1z%22%20fill%3D%22%23707070%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20style%3D%22text-indent%3A0%3Btext-align%3Astart%3Bline-height%3Anormal%3Btext-transform%3Anone%3Bblock-progression%3Atb%3B-inkscape-font-specification%3ASans%22%20d%3D%22M0%200v9h9V0zm1%201h7v7H1z%22%20color%3D%22%23000%22%20fill%3D%22%23c9c9c9%22%20overflow%3D%22visible%22%20enable-background%3D%22accumulate%22%20font-family%3D%22Sans%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.no-svg .show-more--visible .show-more__link:before{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-269px -39px}.show-more__link:before{margin-right:5px}.show-more__section{display:none}.show-more--visible .show-more__section{display:block}.show-more--visible .author-group>.author-list{max-height:none;overflow:auto}.collaboration-toggle-plus-minus{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%229%22%20height%3D%229%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5%207H4V5H2V4h2V2h1v2h2v1H5z%22%20fill%3D%22%23707070%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20style%3D%22text-indent%3A0%3Btext-align%3Astart%3Bline-height%3Anormal%3Btext-transform%3Anone%3Bblock-progression%3Atb%3B-inkscape-font-specification%3ASans%22%20d%3D%22M0%200v9h9V0zm1%201h7v7H1z%22%20color%3D%22%23000%22%20fill%3D%22%23c9c9c9%22%20overflow%3D%22visible%22%20enable-background%3D%22accumulate%22%20font-family%3D%22Sans%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") no-repeat top left;display:inline-block;height:9px;width:9px;background-size:cover;margin-right:3px}.no-svg .collaboration-toggle-plus-minus{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-269px -28px}.collaboration-visible .collaboration-toggle-plus-minus{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%229%22%20height%3D%229%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M2%205V4h5v1z%22%20fill%3D%22%23707070%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20style%3D%22text-indent%3A0%3Btext-align%3Astart%3Bline-height%3Anormal%3Btext-transform%3Anone%3Bblock-progression%3Atb%3B-inkscape-font-specification%3ASans%22%20d%3D%22M0%200v9h9V0zm1%201h7v7H1z%22%20color%3D%22%23000%22%20fill%3D%22%23c9c9c9%22%20overflow%3D%22visible%22%20enable-background%3D%22accumulate%22%20font-family%3D%22Sans%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.no-svg .collaboration-visible .collaboration-toggle-plus-minus{background-image:url("../images/mainSprite.png");background-position:-269px -39px}.author-workspace{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;background:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-radius:2.5px;margin-right:7px;overflow:hidden;padding:20px 10px;position:fixed}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.author-workspace{border-width:1px 0 0;bottom:0;left:0;max-height:50%;overflow-y:auto;padding:20px;right:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0);transition:visibility 0.1s, -webkit-transform 0.5s;transition:visibility 0.1s, transform 0.5s;width:100%}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.author-workspace.workspace-animate{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0)}}.left-menu-visible .author-workspace{display:none}.workspace-navigation{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;margin-bottom:20px;overflow:hidden}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.workspace-navigation{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem}}.workspace-content{height:100%;overflow-y:auto}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.workspace-content{padding-top:10px}}.workspace-scroll-area{float:left;width:100%}.workspace-close,.workspace-previous,.workspace-next{cursor:pointer}.workspace-previous{float:left}.workspace-previous:before{content:'« '}.workspace-next{float:right}.workspace-next:after{content:' »'}.workspace-close{line-height:0px;line-height:0rem;position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px}.workspace-close:focus{outline:1px dotted #d9d9d9}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px){.workspace-close{padding:13px 20px;right:0;top:0}}.workspace-close-icon{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -85px -108px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:7px;width:8px}.workspace-title-author,.workspace-title-biography,.workspace-title-footnote{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;color:#666;font-weight:normal;margin:0 0 1em}.workspace-title-author{margin-left:26px}.workspace-biography .inline-figure{height:114px;width:86px}.workspace-details-author{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.workspace-details-author li{margin:0 0 9px 24px;position:relative}.workspace-details-author li:before{left:-24px;position:absolute;top:4px}.workspace-details-author li .workspace-footnote-ref-id{left:-24px;position:absolute}.workspace-footnote-link{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;line-height:1.36}.workspace-footnote-link:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -126px -118px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:11px;width:17px}.workspace-footnote-link:before{margin-right:6px}.workspace-affiliation:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -183px -118px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:11px;width:17px}.workspace-correspondence:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -164px -118px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:11px;width:17px}.workspace-email:before{overflow:hidden;text-indent:-999em;background:url("../images/mainSprite.png") -145px -118px no-repeat;display:inline-block;height:11px;width:17px}.workspace-additional{border-top:1px solid #d9d9d9;margin-top:9px}.workspace-additional-title{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;color:#666;font-weight:bold;margin-top:0}.workspace-additional-link{font-weight:normal}.additional-scopus{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;color:#666;display:block;font-weight:normal}.scopus-article{margin:0 0 1em}.scopus-article-list{list-style:none;padding:0}.scopus-article-title{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;margin:0;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.scopus-article-authors{font-size:12px;font-size:0.75rem;color:#666;margin:0}.scopus-article-authors .moreInfo,.scopus-article-authors .more-info{font-size:10px;font-size:0.625rem;margin-left:10px}.scopus-article-authors .moreInfo .scopus-article-less,.scopus-article-authors .more-info .scopus-article-less{display:none}.scopus-article-details{display:none}.scopus-article-expanded .scopus-article-details{display:block;margin-top:1em}.scopus-article-expanded .moreInfo .scopus-article-more,.scopus-article-expanded .more-info .scopus-article-more{display:none}.scopus-article-expanded .moreInfo .scopus-article-less,.scopus-article-expanded .more-info .scopus-article-less{display:inline}.scopus-details-author{margin:0}.scopus-details-title{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;font-weight:bold;margin:0}.scopus-details-source{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;color:#666;margin:0}.scopus-details-abstract{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;display:none}.scopus-details-abstract-title{color:#666;font-weight:normal;line-height:21px;margin:0 0 6px}.workspace-reference-author,.workspace-reference-source{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;font-weight:normal;margin:0;padding:0}.workspace-reference-title{font-weight:bold}.workspace-reference-title p{line-height:15px;line-height:0.9375rem;margin:0;padding:0}.workspace-reference-host{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;word-wrap:break-word}.workspace-reference-host a{word-wrap:break-word}.workspace-reference-note{font-size:11px;font-size:0.6875rem;margin-top:10px}.embedded-pdf{border-color:#d9d9d9;border-style:solid;border-width:1px 0;height:783px;width:100%}.second-download-link-container{margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:15px}.article-view-full-text-container{background:#f1f1f1;margin:16px 0;padding:16px;font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem}.view-full-text-button{background:#6c9d30;border:0;color:#fff;font-family:Arial;margin-left:0.8em;padding:6px 16px;text-decoration:none}.view-full-text-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.view-full-text-form{display:inline}